CHECKLIST, RICHNESS OF COMMON NAMES AND CONSERVATION ISSUES OF MARINE FISHES LANDED IN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES OF ESPÍRITO SANTO STATE, BRAZILIAN CENTRAL COAST

The aim of this manuscript is to provide the first checklist of marine commercial fish species landed in Espírito Santo state (Brazilian central coast), with associated richness of common names and conservation status. The data collection took place under the Fisheries Monitoring Program, throughout the state of Espírito Santo. Altogether 22 fishing landing ports were monitored from May 2011 to August 2012. A total of 91 fish species from 39 families were identified. The richness of common names of fishery resources in Espírito Santo showed an average of two common names per species.


INTRODUCTION
Marine resources have been subjected to several impacts, such as the increase of biodiversity losses driven by fishing (Worm et al., 2006), which have impacted the per capita consumption of fishery resources (Garcia, 2010), catch rates and several commercial stocks (Pauly et al., 2002;FAO, 2014) thereby increasing the debate on fisheries sustainability in the literature (Coulthard, 2012;Jacquet & Pauly, 2008).
Historically, managing and monitoring small-scale tropical fisheries (e.g. Brazil) is a challenging task due to the heterogeneity of fishing gear, landing territoriality and, mainly, the scarcity of data of fishery statistics (Defeo & Castilla, 2005;Begossi, 2014). In this sense, some local fisheries and catches of commercial species can be overestimated if the richness of attributed common fish names is not considered. For instance, multiple common names can be attributed to one fish species by local fishers, while in the vicinity one common name can fit a couple of species (Freire & Pauly, 2005;Freire & Carvalho-Filho, 2009). In Brazil, the richness of common names can be ascribed to a cultural and linguistic richness inserted in a huge coastal territory (> 8,000 km). Thus, the knowledge of richness of common names of marine exploited resources in a region is fundamental to a better managing decisions and fishery estimates. The first step to evaluate and support effective management fisheries measures comprises the knowledge of fishery dynamics and correct identification of target species (Freire & Pauly, 2005;Anticamara et al., 2011).
The last update of Brazilian national production of fisheries resources reported a fishery catch around 1.431.974,4 ton/year (MPA, 2011), of these 13.5% (553.670,0 ton/year) are from marine fisheries; while in the Espírito Santo state (ES) it was approximately 12,000 ton/year (Hostim-Silva & Soares, 2013). The Espírito Santo state covers only 5% of the Brazilian coastline, however, recent studies indicated important pelagic and coastal resources being exploited and landed along their coast (Martins, Olavo & Costa, 2005;Hostim-Silva & Soares, 2013;Musiello-Fernandes et al., 2018). The aim of this manuscript is to provide the first checklist of marine fish species landed in the state of Espírito Santo, central coast of Brazil, and the common names associated to fish species.

Study area
The Espírito Santo state (18°35' S to 21°31' S) is located in the lower portion of Brazilian central coast (Martins, Olavo & Costa, 2005). This region presents a variation in continental shelf width with higher extension in north part, reaching up to 246 km (Martins & Coutinho, 1981). The continental shelf margin and oceanic region adjacent is marked by  (Hostim-Silva & Soares, 2013). Each fishing community was monitored daily by a local member that interviewed the fishermen about fishery production and dynamics. Concomitantly to fish landings, the identification of fish species was made using the classic and current identification guides, such as Figueiredo (1977), Figueiredo and Menezes (1978, 1980, 2000, Figueiredo (1980, 1985), Cervigón et al. (1992), Carvalho-Filho (1999), Carpenter (2002). National common names (BRA common names) cited in this paper were based on Carvalho-Filho (1999), Freire and Carvalho-Filho (2009), Froese and Pauly (2019). The state common names used by local fishermen (ES common names) were obtained by interviews applied during the fish landings. The species conservation status was determined following the Brazilian Red Book of the Endangered Species (ICMBio, 2018).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Altogether 91 fish species from 39 families were identified (Table I). The four most speciose families were Scombridae (11%), followed by Sciaenidae (8%), Carangidae (7%) and Lutjanidae (7%). This dominance of scombrids, mainly of the genus Thunnus was related to hand line/hook-and-line and longline fleet that operate in the south of Espírito Santo state (Itaipava and Guarapari region), which exploits mainly tunas, dolphinfishes and billfishes as main target resources. According to Martins et al. (2005), the artisanal Itaipava fleet comprises small fishing boats (11-15 meters) that fishing generally in the "Bacia de Campos" (21º-23º S), a region of the continental shelf that shelter an important oil drilling platforms field.
The richness of ES common names was, in average, two names per species, which is lower than reported for Brazilian reef fishes (seven common names per species; Freire & Carvalho-Filho, 2009). On the other hand, 56.1% of fish species reported here were associated to two or more common names (e.g. Robalo, Vaquara and Cação), which hamper the accuracy of catch estimates of these fishing resources. The synonyms (different common names for one species) and homonyms (same common name for more than one species) can influence commercial catch statistics of specific resources, as seen for the catfishes Genidens genidens, Aspistor quadris cutis and Cathorops spixii reported by Freire and Pauly (2005), which catch values could be grouped into the "Bagre" common name. In this case, the inventory effort of specific exploited resources may be improved with the exact identification of a target resource or the determination of prevalence of some species in catch data.
Additionally, highly target species usually had their common names in relation to size of catch, such as "Dourado" and "Palombeta" and "Atum galha amarela" and "Vaquara", which refers to larger and smaller individuals, respectively, of Coryphaena hippurus and Thunnus albacares. In other case, the high richness of common names seems to refer a natural variation of brazilian common name, as with "Ariocó" and "Biquara". This variation was observed in small fishery villages of Espírito Santo.
Among the fish landed, Ginglymostoma cirratum is classified as Vulnerable (ICMBio, 2018). The main threat to this species in the Espírito Santo coast is the spear-fishing, Joelson Musiello-Fernandes, Ryan Andrades, Caio Ribeiro Pimentel, Michelle Sequine Bolzan, Andreia Schwingel, Maurício Hostim-Silva however, the G. cirratum fisheries recorded in this study were caught by gill netting and hook-and-line activities, being the latter performed in adjacent grounds of the Marine Protected Area "Parque Nacional Marinho dos Abrolhos". Others species classified as Vulnerable were Mycteroperca bonaci, Epinephelus morio and Lopholatilus villarii. Also, the record of the endemic endangered Scarus trispinosus reinforce the need for understanding of fisheries dynamics and target resources in order to develop tools that help the coastal fishery management.
The checklist presented here associated with common names and conservation status data is a step towards improving fishery management activities in the Brazilian central coast. Although the use of common names is an important part of the fishery communities culture, the exact identification of exploited fish resources may help to solve doubts about impacts of local and global fisheries. Future researches about regional catches of target fishes and fishing grounds are necessary to better understanding of fisheries dynamics Brazilian central coast. We also emphasize the need to return to the Fisheries Monitoring Program, both state and national.