Lesbian and bisexual women's health beliefs about performing the Papanicolaou’s test
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20232483154Keywords:
Sexual and Gender Minorities; Papanicolaou Test; Mass Screening; Health Belief Model; Behavior.Abstract
Objective: to identify the health beliefs of lesbian and bisexual women about performing the Papanicolaou’s test. Methods: cross-sectional study developed exclusively online, with fifty-five participants. Google Forms® were used for data collection, with sociodemographic and economic questions, as well as questions related to practices, intention, and beliefs about performing the Papanicolaou’s test. Data were organized in Google Sheets® and analyzed in SPSS® software. Results: it was found that bisexual women believe more in the benefit "when I do the preventive exam, I am relieved" (p=0.047). However, they have higher scores of ashamed for doing the preventive exam (p=0.005). Significant association was identified between having done the exam and perceived benefits (p=0.040); perceived severity and education level (p=0.006); having done the exam (p=0.039); and having fixed partnership (p=0.028). Conclusion: bisexual women believe that performing the exam generates relief, but feelings of shame may hinder adherence to the exam. Lesbian and bisexual women without access to higher education, who never had the exam, and who have multiple sexual partnerships are more vulnerable to cervical cancer. Contributions to practice: reflect on this scenario so that educational strategies are effective for cervical cancer prevention.
References
Ministério da Saúde (BR), Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Dados e números sobre câncer do colo do útero: relatório anual 2022 [Internet]. 2022 [cited Jan 13, 2023]. Available from: http://www.inca.gov.br/utero
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Silva GA, Alcantara LLM, Tomazelli JG, Ribeiro CM, Girianelli VR, Santos EC, et al. Evaluation of cervical cancer control actions within Brazil and its regions based on data recorded in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Cad Saúde Pública. 2022;38(7):e00041722. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT041722
Vieira YP, Viero VSF, Vargas BL, Nunes GO, Machado KP, Neves RG, et al. Trends and inequalities in self-reported cervical cancer screening in Brazilian capitals from 2011 to 2020. Cad Saúde Pública. 2022;38(9):e00272921. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT272921
Pierz AJ, Randall TC, Castle PE, Adedimeji A, Ingabire C, Kubwimana G, et al. A scoping review: facilitators and barriers of cervical cancer screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer in Sub-Saharan African health settings. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2020;33:100605. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gore.2020.100605
Everett BG, Higgins JA, Haider S, Carpenter E. Do sexual minorities receive appropriate sexual and reproductive health care and counseling? J Womens Health. 2019;28(1):53-62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fjwh.2017.6866
Tallon B, Monteiro D, Soares L, Rodrigues N, Morgado F. Tendências da mortalidade por câncer de colo no Brasil em 5 anos (2012-2016). Saúde Debate. 2020;44(125):362-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104202012506
Lau J, Lim TZ, Jianlin Wong G, Tan KK. The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: a systematic review. Prev Med Rep. 2020;20:101223. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pmedr.2020.101223
Nelas PA, Coutinho E, Chaves C, Duarte J, Cruz C, Dionísio R, et al. Crenças em saúde relativas ao cancro do colo do útero. Int J Dev Educ Psychol. 2020;2(1):417-24. doi: http://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2020.n1.v2.1864
Ministério da Saúde (BR). Diretrizes brasileiras para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero. [Internet]. 2016 [cited Jan 13, 2023]. Available from:https://www.inca.gov.br/publicacoes/livros/diretrizes-brasileiras-para-o-rastreamento-do-cancer-do-colo-do-utero
Bauermeister JA, Zimmerman MA, Johns MM, Glowacki P, Stoddard S, Volz E. Innovative recruitment using online networks: lessons learned from an online study of alcohol and other drug use utilizing a web-based, respondent-driven sampling (webRDS) Strategy. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2012;73(5):834-8. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15288%2Fjsad.2012.73.834
Helms YB, Hamdiui N, Kretzschmar MEE, Rocha LEC, van Steenbergen JE, Bengtsson L, et al. Applications and recruitment performance of web-based respondent-driven sampling: scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(1):e17564. doi: https://doi.org/10.2196%2F17564
Rafael R, Moura A. Health Belief Model and cervical cancer screening: assessing vulnerabilities. Rev Enferm UERJ. 2017;25:e26436. doi: https://doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2017.26436
Sumarmi S, Hsu YY, Cheng YM, Lee SH. Factors associated with the intention to undergo Pap smear testing in the rural areas of Indonesia: a health belief model. Reprod Health. 2021;18(138):138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12978-021-01188-7
Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. HPV e câncer do colo do útero [Internet]. 2022 [cited Jan 13, 2023]. Available from: https://www.paho.org/pt/topicos/hpv-e-cancer-do-colo-do-utero
Cabral KTF, Pereira IL, Almeida LR, Nogueira WBAG, Silva FV, Costa LFP, et al. Nursing care for lesbian and bisexual women. Rev Enferm UFPE on line. 2019;13(1)79-85. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v13i01a237896p79-85-2018
Paula T, Ferreira M, Marin M, Meneguin S, Ferreira A. Detecção precoce e prevenção do câncer de colo uterino: saberes e práticas educativas. Enferm Foco. 2019;10(2):47-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.21675/2357-707X.2019.v10.n2.1624
Londero GR, Braz MM. Sexual health of women who have sex with women: prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Rev Contexto Saúde. 2021;21(43):214-24. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.21527/2176-7114.2021.43.11312
Cerqueira RS, Santos HLPC, Prado NMBL, Bittencourt RG, Biscarde DGDS, Santos AM. Control of cervical cancer in the primary care setting in South American countries: systematic review. Pan Am J Public Health. 2022;46:e107. doi: https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2022.107
Rodrigues JL, Falcão MTC. Experiences of gynecological care by lesbian and bisexual women: (in)visibility and barriers to the exercise of the right to health. Saúde Soc. 2021;30(1):e181062. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902021181062
Gomes R. Narratives of the Brazilian homosexual movement on the health of gays and lesbians. Ciênc Saúde Coletiva. 2022;27(2):555-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022272.05062021
Felix JLP, Araújo BRO, Oliveira MM, França AMB. Assistência à saúde da mulher lésbica: formação profissional e impactos em todas as fases da vida. Cad Grad Ciênc Biol Saúde [Internet]. 2022 [cited Jan 13, 2023];7(2):20-34. Available from: https://periodicos.set.edu.br/fitsbiosaude/article/view/9385/4975
Ketzer N, Vieira LB, Schneck CA, Maffacciolli R, Strada J, Patuzzi G, et al. Sexual and reproductive health in primary health care: reports of lesbian women. Rev Baiana Enferm. 2022;36:e45637. doi: https://doi.org/10.18471/rbe.v36.45637
Santos FHR, Parreira BDM, Pan R. Women’s health: a study with lesbian college students. Res Soc Dev. 2022;11(14):e414111436448. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i14.36448
Ribeiro LL, Góes, CFA. Processo de trabalho de enfermeiras na consulta ginecológica. Rev Enferm Contemp. 2021;10(1):51-9. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2317-3378rec.v10i1.3334
Nunes VLS, Resende WA, Cabral GVS, Oliveira FSR, Silva RRS. The importance of health education as a form of prevention to breast cancer: an experience report in a basic health unit of Palmas/TO. Rev Ext [Internet]. 2020 [cited Jan 13, 2023];4(2):108-14. Available from: https://revista.unitins.br/index.php/extensao/article/view/4219
Cavalcante DR, Ribeiro SG, Pinheiro AKB, Soares PRAL, Aquino PS, Chaves AFL. Sexual practices of women who have sex with women and condom use. Rev Rene. 2022;23:e71297. doi: https://doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20222371297
