Residual phosphate fertiliser and Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on soil quality and soybean productivity
Keywords:
System fertilization, Enzymatic activity, Diazotrophic bacteria, Residual effect, Soil healthAbstract
In highly weathered tropical soils, maintaining an adequate level of labile phosphorus in the system is challenging due to its constant fixation. As an alternative, producers resort to heavy mineral fertilization to maintain proper nutrient levels in the soil. The use of biological techniques, such as inoculation/co-inoculation with growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, has gained prominence in reducing production costs. Based on this premise, the objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of phosphate fertilization in a long-term no-tillage system (SPD), determining whether the interaction with or without inoculation of pre-soybean crops with Azospirillum brasilense contributed to increases in soybean production components, productivity, and soil quality bioindicators. The experiment was conducted on a typical clayey dystrophic oixsol, using a randomized block design with four replications, arranged in a 5x2 factorial scheme. Five doses of P2O5 in the form of MAP were applied in 2013 and 2020, with and without inoculation of grasses in rotation with soybeans. It was found that only in the 2019/20 season did inoculation of pre-soybean crops have a positive effect, increasing the plant population. Microbiological activity responded positively, demonstrating that cropping systems that maintain adequate soil health, combined with the inoculation of grasses with Azospirillum brasilense, can be a viable, cost-effective management strategy, supporting crops and contributing to system fertilization.
Downloads
References
ALVES, T. S. et al. Biomassa e atividade microbiana de solo sob vegetação nativa e diferentes sistemas de manejos. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, v. 33, n. 2, p. 341-347, 2011.
ANDERSON, J. P. E.; DOMSCH, K. H. A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 10, n. 3, p. 215-221, 1978.
BETTIOL, W. et al. Entendendo a matéria orgânica do solo em ambientes tropical e subtropical. [S. l.]: Embrapa Meio Ambiente, 2023. Disponível em: http://cadernos.abaagroecologia.org.br/cadernos/article/view/3739. Acesso em: 27 mar. 2023.
BRAOS, L. B. et al. Dynamics of phosphorus fractions in soils treated with dairy manure. Soil Research, v. 58, n. 3, p. 289, 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18325
BRUM, M. S. et al. Black oat and ryegrass inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense in crop-livestock system. Revista Caatinga, v. 34, n. 2, p. 276-286, jun. 2021. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252021v34n204rc
CABRAL, F. L. et al. Levels of mineral and organomineral phosphorus fertilization in corn culture. Brasilian Journal of Development, v. 6, n. 6, p. 36414-36426, 2020.
CANTARELLA, H.; RAIJ, B. VAN, CAMARGO, C. E. O. Cereais. In: RAIJ, B. VAN et al. (ed.) Recomendações de calagem e adubação para o estado de São Paulo. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, 1997. p. 45-71.
CARMO, G. O. et al. Utilização da aveia preta como planta de cobertura eficiente para aumentar a qualidade do solo. Agricultura, Mudanças Climáticas e Segurança Alimentar - Anais do VI Simpósio Abc (Argentina-Brasil-Cuba), p. 125-131, 17 out. 2023. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.57023171020
CASSÁN, F.; DIAZ-ZORITA, M. Azospirillum sp. in current agriculture: from the laboratory to the field. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 103, p. 117-130, dez. 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.08.020
CASSÁN, F.; VANDERLEYDEN, J.; SPAEPEN, S. Physiological and agronomical aspects of phytohormone production by model plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) belonging to the genus Azospirillum. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, v. 33, p. 440-459, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-013-9362-4
COHEN, A. C. et al. Azospirillum brasilense ameliorates the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to drought mainly via enhancement of ABA levels. Physiologia Plantarum, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12221
CORREA FILHO, D. V. B. et al. Crescimento e desenvolvimento de aveia preta em resposta à inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e adubação nitrogenada. Colloquium Agrariae, v. 13, n. 2, p. 1-8, 2017.
DI SALVO, L. P. et al. Microorganisms reveal what plants do not: wheat growth and rhizosphere microbial communities after Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and nitrogen fertilization under field conditions. Plant And Soil, v. 424, n. 1/2, p. 405-417, 2 jan. 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3548-7
DOMEIGNOZ-HORTA, L. A. et al. Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil. Nature Communications, v. 11, p. 3684, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17502-z
DUBEY, A. et al. Soil microbiome: a key player for conservation of soil health under changing climate. Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 28, n. 8/9, p. 2405-2429, 4 abr. 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01760-5
FERREIRA, D. F. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1039-1042, nov./dez., 2011.
FREITAS, P. V. D. X. et al. Produção de gramíneas forrageiras inoculadas com Azospirillum brasilense associada à adubação nitrogenada. Revista Científica Rural, v. 21, 2019. DOI: 10.30945/rcr-v21i2.2707
GUILBEAULT‐MAYERS, X.; TURNER, B. L.; LALIBERTÉ, E. Greater root phosphatase activity of tropical trees at low phosphorus despite strong variation among species. Ecology, v. 101, n. 8, e03090, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3090
HERNANI, L. C. Sistema plantio direto. [S. l.]: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.embrapa.br/agencia-de-informacaotecnologica/tematicas/sistema-plantio-direto/fundamentos/benefícios. Acesso em: 24 set. 2024.
HUNGRIA, M. et al. Correction to: Seed and leaf-spray inoculation of PGPR in brachiarias (Urochloa spp.) as an economic and environmental opportunity to improve plant growth, forage yield and nutrient status. Plant and Soil, v. 466, p. 675, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04908-x
JANSSON, J. K.; HOFMOCKEL, K. S. Soil microbiomes and climate change. Nature Reviews Microbiology, v. 18, n. 1, p. 35-46, 4 out. 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0265-7
JENKINSON, D. S.; LADD, J. N. Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. In: PAUL, E. A.; LADD, J. N. (ed.). Soil biology and biochemistry. v. 5, p. 415-471, 1976.
KÖBERL, M. et al. Unraveling the complexity of soil microbiomes in a large-scale study subjected to different agricultural management in Styria. Frontiers In Microbiology, v. 11, p. 1-11, 25 maio 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01052
KÖPPEN, W.; GEIGER, R. Klimate der Erde. Gotha: Verlag Justus Perthes, 1928.
KOUR. D. et al. Biodiversity, current developments and potential biotechnological applications of phosphorus-solubilizing and -mobilizing microbes: a review. Pedosphere, v. 31, p. 43-75, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60057-1
LEGAZ, B. V. et al. Soil quality, properties, and functions in life cycle a assessment: an evaluation of models. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 140, p. 502-515, 2017.
LI, R.; LI, Q.; PAN, L. Review of organic mulching effects on soil and water loss. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, v. 67, n. 1, p. 136-151, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2020.1718111
LI, X.; HALLAMA, M.; ROMANYÀ, J. Crops use inorganic and labile organic phosphorus from both high- and low-availability layers in no-till compost-amended soils. Soil Use and Management, v. 40, n. 1, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.13027
MARTINS, G. L. et al. The role of land use, management, and microbial diversity depletion on glyphosate biodegradation in tropical soils. SSRN, 2023. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4385942
MASCARENHAS, H. A. A.; TANAKA, R. T. Seção de leguminosas - IAC. In: RAIJ, B. VAN et al. (org.). Recomendações de adubação e calagem para o Estado de São Paulo. 2. ed. rev. atual. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico/Fundação IAC, 1997.
MENDES, I.; SOUSA, D. M. G.; REIS, F. B. J. Tecnologia BioAS: uma maneira simples e eficiente de avaliar a saúde do solo. Planaltina, DF: Embrapa Cerrados, 2021.
OLIVEIRA, J. R. A.; MENDES, I. de C.; VIVALDI, L. J. Carbono da biomassa microbiana em solos de cerrado: comparação dos métodos fumigação-incubação e fumigação-extração. Planaltina: Embrapa Cerrados, 2001. Disponível em: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/567076/carbono-da-biomassa-microbiana-em-solos-de-cerrado-comparacao-dos-metodos-fumigacao-incubacao-e-fumigacao-extracao. Acesso em: 24 set. 2024.
OLIVEIRA, S. M. de et al. Contribution of corn intercropped with Brachiaria species to nutrient cycling. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, v. 49, e55018, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4955018
ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS (org.). The population project. 2024. Disponível em: https://thepopulationproject.org/?mtm_campaign=2023%20All%20in%20One%20%20USA&mtm_cid=20498872233&mtm_group=671901059688&keyword=World%20population&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwjY64BhCaARIsAIfc7YajUc0RhIS2BxOFrjLmMTAdkVn8V5_KBq37uwFQNfm2FBWKfJwkMEMaAnW8EALw_wcB. Acesso em: 24 set. 2024.
PEREIRA, N. C. M. et al. Corn yield and phosphorus use efficiency response to phosphorus rates associated with plant growth promoting bacteria. Frontiers in Environmental Science, v. 8, p. 1-12, 7 abr. 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00040
PRANDO, A. M. et al. Coinoculação da soja com Bradyrhizobium e Azospirillum na safra 2020/2021 no Paraná. Londrina: Embrapa, 2022. 24 p.
RAIJ, B. VAN et al. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de solos tropicais. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 2001. 284 p.
RAIJ, B. VAN. et al. Recomendações de adubação e calagem para o estado de São Paulo. 2. ed. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, 1996. 285 p.
REN, X. et al. Soil properties affect crop yield changes under conservation agriculture: a systematic analysis. European Journal of Soil Science, v. 74, n. 5, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13413
REZENDE, L. A.; ASSIS, L. C.; NAHAS, E. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in two soils amended with distillery yeast. Bioresource Technology, v. 94, p. 159-167, 2004. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.12.004
RIBEIRO, N. A. A. et al. Soil bioindicators and crop productivity affected by legacy phosphate fertilization and Azospirillum brasilense inoculation in no-till systems. Applied Sciences, v. 15, e7146, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137146
SALOMÃO, P. E. A. et al. A importância do sistema de plantio direto na palha para reestruturação do solo e restauração da matéria orgânica. Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 1, p. 1-21, 1 jan. 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i1.1870
SANTOS, H. G. et al. Sistema brasileiro de classificação de solos. 5. ed. Brasília, DF: Embrapa Solos, 2018. 355 p.
SANTOS, T. E. B. et al. Comportamento da comunidade microbiana no sistema silviagrícola na região de cerrado. Revista Agrotecnologia - Agrotec, v. 9, n. 2, p. 18, 24 set. 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12971/2179-5959/agrotecnologia.v9n2p18-27
SILVA, P. S. T. et al. Azospirillum brasilense inoculation in a maize–Urochloa–rice cropping system promotes soil chemical and biological changes and increases productivity. Crops, v. 4, p. 211-226, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4020016
SILVA, R. R. et al. Eficiência de fertilizante fosfatado na cultura da soja no cerrado baiano. Agropecuária Científica no Semiárido, v. 11, p. 13-22, 2015.
SILVA-SÁNCHEZ, A.; SOARES, M.; ROUSK, J. Testing the dependence of microbial growth and carbon use efficiency on nitrogen availability, pH, and organic matter quality. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 134, p. 25-35, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.008
SPAEPEN, S. et al. Phenotypical and molecular responses of Arabidopsis thaliana roots as a result of inoculation with the auxin-producing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. New Phytologist, v. 201, p. 850-861, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12590
SUN, N. et al. Beneficial bacterium Azospirillum brasilense induces morphological, physiological and molecular adaptation to phosphorus deficiency in Arabidopsis. Plant and Cell Physiology, v. 63, n. 9, p. 1273-1284, set. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcac101
SYSTAT SOFTWARE INCORPORATION. Scientific Graphing, Software. Versão 15.0. San Jose, Califórnia, EUA, 2023.
TAIZ, L. et al. Fisiologia e desenvolvimento vegetal. 6. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2017. 888 p.
TORRES, J. L. R. et al. Phosphorus fractionations and availability in areas under different management systems in the Cerrado. Agronomy, v. 13, p. 966, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13040966
UCEA-HERRERA, J. I.; QUIROZ-VELASQUEZ, J. Di C.; HERNANDEZ-MENDOZA, J. L. Impacto de Azospirillum brasilense, una rizobacteria que estimula la producción del ácido indol-3-acético como el mecanismo de mejora del crecimiento de las plantas en los cultivos agrícolas. Revista Boliviana de Química, v. 37, n. 1, p. 34-39, 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.34098/2078-3949.37.1.5
WALKLEY, A.; BLACK, I. A. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and proposed modification of the chromic acid tritation method. Soil Science, v. 37, p. 29-38, 1934.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
The research data is available in the repository (http://hdl.handle.net/11449/235708).
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Beatriz Souto Freitas, Viviane Cristina Modesto, Nelson Câmara de Souza Júnior, Vitória Almeida Moreira Girardi, Naiane Antunes Alves Ribeiro, Aline Marchetti Silva Matos, Marcelo Andreotti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Atribuição
CC BY
Esta licença permite que outros distribuam, remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho, mesmo para fins comerciais, desde que lhe atribuam o devido crédito pela criação original. É a licença mais flexível de todas as licenças disponíveis. É recomendada para maximizar a disseminação e uso dos materiais licenciados. Ver o Resumo da Licença | Ver o Texto Legal
