A estrutura psicológica do otimismo: os dois lados da moeda

Autores/as

  • Marina Pante Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
  • George dos Reis Alba Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul - IFRS

Palabras clave:

Otimismo, psicologia positiva, expectativas.

Resumen

O otimismo é um fenômeno de grande relevância teórica e prática, no entanto, tem sido pouco explorado na prática clínica. Apesar deste aparente desinteresse, o otimismo pode ser considerado o mais significativo dos vieses cognitivos, já que implica em importantes consequências tanto positivas quanto negativas. O principal objetivo deste artigo de revisão de literatura é estabelecer uma reflexão teórica sobre a estrutura psicológica do otimismo, discutindo as vantagens e desvantagens cognitivas e comportamentais, a partir dos seus princípios e fundamentos. Realizou-se uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados APA PsycNet e SAGE utilizando-se as palavras chave “optimism”, “optimism bias” e “positive psychology”. A discussão é norteada por resultados de diversas pesquisas realizadas no campo do otimismo que foram publicadas em importantes periódicos de psicologia. O resultado é uma sólida reflexão sobre as implicações práticas do viés otimista e seu poder de influência na vida das pessoas. O otimismo tem grande potencial de contribuição para a psicologia de forma a oferecer uma perspectiva positiva para as pessoas em relação ao futuro.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Marina Pante, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia.

George dos Reis Alba, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul - IFRS

Professor adjunto do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Trabalha na linha de Psicologia do Consumo. 

Citas

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

Assad, K. K., Donnellan, B. M. & Conger, R. D. (2007). Optimism: an enduring resource for romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(2), 285–297.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the “planning fallacy”: Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 366–381.

Burger, J. M. & Palmer, M. L. (1992). Changes in the generalization of unrealistic optimism following experiences with stressful events: Reactions to the 1989 California earthquake. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, 39–43.

Camerer, C., & Lovallo, D. (1999). Overconfidence and excess entry: An experimental approach. American Economic Review, 89, 306–318.

Carver, C. S., & Gaines, J. G. (1987). Optimism, pessimism, and postpartum depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 449-462.

Cousins, N. (1979). Anatomy of an illness as perceived by the patient. New York: Norton.

Dillard, A. J., Midboe, A. M., & Klein, W. M. P. (2009). The Dark Side of Optimism: Unrealistic Experiences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(11), 1540–1550.

Geers, A., Wellman, J., & Lassiter, G. (2009). Dispositional optimism and engagement: the moderating influence of goal prioritization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 913–932.

Gibson, B., & Sanbonmatsu, D. M. (2004). The Downside of Optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(2), 149–160.

Gillham, J. E., Reivich, K. J., Jaycox, L. H., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). Prevention of depressive symptoms in schoolchildren: Two-year follow-up. Psychological Science, 6, 343-351.

Gladis, M. M., Michela, J. L., Walter, H. J. & Vaughan, R. D. (1992). High school students’ perceptions of AIDS risk: Realistic appraisal or motivated denial? Health Psychology 11, 307–316.

Gordon, C. L., & Baucom, D. H. (2009). Examining the individual within marriage: Personal strengths and relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 16, 421–435.

Grant, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2003). Optimism, Promotion Pride and Prevention Pride as Predictors of Quality of Life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(12), 1521–1532.

Grant, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2003). Optimism, Promotion Pride and Prevention Pride as Predictors of Quality of Life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(12), 1521–1532.

Grupo EBX. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_ https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_EBXEBX.

Harris, P., Griffin, D., & Murray, S. (2008). Testing the limits of optimistic bias: Event and person moderators in a multilevel framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1225–1237.

Heine, S., & Lehman, D. (1995). Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more vulnerable than the East? Journal of personality and social psychology, 68(4), 595–607.

Helweg-Larsen, M., & Shepperd, J. A. (2001). Do moderators of the optimistic bias affect personal or target risk estimates? A review of the literature. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 74–95.

Klein, W. M. P. (2002). Comparative risk estimates relative to the average peer predict behavioral intentions and concern about absolute risk. Risk, Decision, & Policy, 7, 193–202.

Korn, C. W., Sharot, T., Walter, H., Heekeren, H. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2013). Depression is related to an absence of optimistically biased belief updating about future life events. Psychological Medicine, 1–14.

Krizan, Z., Miller, J. C., & Johar, O. (2010). Wishful thinking in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Psychological Science, 21, 140–146.

Krizan, Z., & Sweeny, K. (2013). Causes and Consequences of Expectation Trajectories: “High” on Optimism in a Public Ballot Initiative Zlatan. Psychological Science, 24(5), 706-714.

Lipkus, I. M., Lyna, P. R. & Rimer, B. K. (2000). Colorectal cancer risk perceptions and screening intentions in a minority population. Journal of National Medical Association, 92, 492–500.

Love, B. C., Kopeć, Ł., & Guest, O. (2015). Optimism bias in fans and sports reporters. PLoS ONE, 10(9), Article e0137685. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137685

Maddux, J. E. (1995). Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment (Plenum series in social/clinical psychology). New York: Plenum.

McCaul, K.D. & O’Donnell, S.M. (1998). Naive beliefs about breast cancer risk. Women’s Health 4, 93–101.

Marshall, G., Wortman, C., Kusulas, J. W., Hervig, L. K. & Vickers, R. R. J. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1067–1074.

Massey, C., Simmons, J. P. & Armor, D. A. (2011). Hope over experience: Desirability and the persistence of optimism. Psychological Science, 22, 274–281.

Murray, S. L., & Holmes, J. G. (1997). A leap of faith? Positive illusions in romantic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 586–604.

Neff, L. A., & Geers, A. L. (2013). Optimistic Expectations in Early Marriage : A Resource or Vulnerability for Adaptive Relationship Functioning ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(1), 38–60.

Otto, A. R., Fleming, S.M., & Glimcher, P.W. (2016). Unexpected but Incidental Positive Outcomes Predict Real-World Gambling. Psychological Science, 27(3), 299-311

Peale, N. V (1956). The power of positive thinking. New York: Fawcett Crest.

Peterson, C. (2000). The Future of Optimism. American Psychologist, 55(I), 44–55.

Robinson-whelen, S., Kim, C., Maccallum, R. C., & Kiecolt-glaser, J. K. (1997). Distinguishing Optimism From Pessimism in Older Adults : Is It More Important to Be Optimistic or Not to Be Pessimistic ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1345–1253.

Rose, J. P. (2012). Debiasing comparative optimism and increasing worry for health outcomes. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(8), 1121–1131.

Rose, J. P. (2010). Are direct or indirect measures of comparative risk better predictors of concern and behavioural intentions? Psychology & Health 25, 149–165.

Sharot, T. (2011). The optimism bias: a tour of the irrationally positive brain. New York: Pantheon Books.

Scheier, M. E, & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247.

Scheier, M. E, & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55,169-21.

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201–228.

Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1993). On the power of positive thinking: The benefits of being optimistic. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 26–30.

Scheier, M. E, Matthews, K. A., Owens, J., Magovern, G. J., Sr., Lefebvre, R. C, Abbott, R. A., & Carver, C. S. (1989). Dispositional optimism and recovery from coronary artery bypass surgery: The beneficial effects on physical and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57,1024-1040.

Schneider, S. L. (2001). In Search of Realistic Optimism: Meaning, knowledge, and warm fuzziness. American Psychologist, 56(3), 250–263.

Segerstrom, S. C., Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., & Fahey, J. L. (1998). Optimism Is Associated With Mood , Coping , and Immune Change in Response to Stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1646–1655.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.

Simmons, J. P., & Massey, C. (2012). Is Optimism Real ? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(4), 630–634.

Srivastava, S., McGonigal, K. M., Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2006). Optimism in close relationships: How seeing things in a positive light makes them so. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 143–153.

Stanley, M. A., Novy, D. M., Hopko, D. R., Beck, J. G., Averill, P. M., & Swann, A. C. (2002). Measures of Self-Efficacy and Optimism in Older Adults With Generalized Anxiety. Assessment, 9(1), 70–81.

Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47, 143–148.

Sweeny, K., Carroll, P. J., & Shepperd, J. A. (2006). Is Optimism Always Best ? Future Outlooks and Preparedness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 302–306.

Sweeny, K., & Shepperd, J. (2010). The costs of optimism and the benefits of pessimism. Emotion, 10(5), 750–753.

Synder, C. R., Sympson , S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321-335.

Tyler, J. & Rosier, J. (2009). Examining self-presentation as a motivational explanation for comparative optimism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(4), 716–727.

Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.

Tiger, L. (1979). Optimism: The biology of hope. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Taylor, S. & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193–210.

Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806–820.

Weinstein, N.D. (1987). Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: Conclusions from a community-wide sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 481–500.

Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. (1996). Unrealistic optimism: Present and future. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 1–8.

Publicado

2018-07-01

Cómo citar

Pante, M., & Alba, G. dos R. (2018). A estrutura psicológica do otimismo: os dois lados da moeda. Revista De Psicologia, 9(2), 144–152. Recuperado a partir de http://periodicos.ufc.br/psicologiaufc/article/view/11862

Número

Sección

Artigos